DEA Technology Data for Energy Storage¶

The Danish Energy Agency (DEA) technology catalogue for energy storage: costs, efficiencies, lifetimes and capacities for electricity, heat, gas and hydrogen storage technologies, with a central estimate and an uncertainty range for projection years up to 2050.

At a glance¶


Package key	`dea_energy_storage`
Publisher	Danish Energy Agency
Original data	Excel data sheet (archived)
Documentation	Technology descriptions (PDF)
License	CC-BY-4.0, attribution to the Danish Energy Agency required
Region	`EU` (set by the parser)
Years	2015–2050
Cases	`control` (central estimate), `lower`, `upper` (uncertainty range)
Currency	`EUR_2020`
Raw format	Excel, sheet `alldata_flat`
Parser	`DeaEnergyStorageParser`

Available versions¶

Version key	Upstream release	Raw file	Parse options	Status
`v10`	May 2025, downloaded 2025-10-08	`Technology_datasheet_for_energy_storage.xlsx`	`num_digits=3`, `filter_params=True`	latest

Accessing the data¶

>>> from technologydata import DataAccessor
>>> dea = DataAccessor(data_source="dea_energy_storage", version="v10").load()
>>> batteries = dea.technologies.get(name="lithium ion battery", case="control")
>>> [t.year for t in batteries]
[2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2050]
>>> print(batteries[0].parameters["specific investment"])
288000.0 EUR_2020 / megawatt_hour

See the tutorial for filtering, unit and currency conversion.

Contents¶

Technologies¶

>>> import pandas as pd
>>> techs = DataAccessor(data_source="dea_energy_storage", version="v10").load().technologies
>>> def join(values):
...     return ", ".join(sorted({str(v) for v in values} - {"None"}))
>>> print(
...     techs.to_dataframe()
...     .groupby(["name", "detailed_technology"], as_index=False)
...     .agg(cases=("case", join), years=("year", join))
...     .to_markdown(index=False)
... )
| name                        | detailed_technology                                                          | cases                 | years                              |
|:----------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------|:-----------------------------------|
| caes                        | compressed air energy storage                                                | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2050             |
| flywheels                   | flywheels                                                                    | control, lower, upper | 2018, 2020, 2030, 2050             |
| hydrogen storage - caverns  | hydrogen storage - caverns                                                   | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050       |
| hydrogen storage - lohc     | hydrogen storage - lohc                                                      | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050       |
| hydrogen storage - tanks    | pressurized hydrogen gas storage system (compressor & type i tanks @ 200bar) | control, lower, upper | 2019, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050       |
| large hot water tank        | large-scale hot water tanks (steel)                                          | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050       |
| lithium ion battery         | lithium-ion battery (utility-scale)                                          | control, lower, upper | 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2050       |
| molten salt carnot battery  | carnot battery                                                               | control, lower, upper | 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2050       |
| na-nicl2 battery            | na-nicl2 battery                                                             | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2050             |
| na-s battery                | nas battery                                                                  | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2050             |
| ptes seasonal               | pit thermal energy storage [ptes]                                            | control, lower, upper | 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2050 |
| pumped hydro storage        | pumped hydro storage                                                         | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2050             |
| rock-based carnot battery   | carnot battery                                                               | control, lower, upper | 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2050       |
| small scale hot water tank  | small-scale hot water tanks (steel)                                          | control, lower, upper | 2015, 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050       |
| underground storage of gas  | natural gas storage underground                                              | control               | 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050             |
| vanadium redox flow battery | vanadium redox battery (vrb)                                                 | control, lower, upper | 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2050 |

Parameters¶

entries counts the technology entries (one per name, case and year) that carry the parameter.

>>> params = pd.DataFrame(
...     [(key, str(p.units), str(p.carrier)) for t in techs for key, p in t.parameters.items()],
...     columns=["parameter", "units", "carriers"],
... )
>>> print(
...     params.groupby("parameter", as_index=False)
...     .agg(units=("units", join), carriers=("carriers", join), entries=("units", "size"))
...     .to_markdown(index=False)
... )
| parameter            | units                                                                                                                                  | carriers   |   entries |
|:---------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------|----------:|
| capacity             | liter, megawatt_hour, meter ** 3                                                                                                       |            |       126 |
| charge efficiency    | percent                                                                                                                                |            |        94 |
| discharge efficiency | percent                                                                                                                                |            |        98 |
| fixed o&m            | EUR_2020 / gigawatt_hour / year, EUR_2020 / megawatt / year, EUR_2020 / megawatt_hour / year, EUR_2020 / year, percent, percent / year |            |       127 |
| specific investment  | EUR_2020 / gigawatt_hour, EUR_2020 / kilowatt, EUR_2020 / kilowatt_hour, EUR_2020 / megawatt, EUR_2020 / megawatt_hour                 |            |       128 |
| technical lifetime   | year                                                                                                                                   |            |       128 |
| variable o&m         | EUR_2020 / megawatt_hour, percent / year                                                                                               |            |       113 |

Field mapping¶

Raw column	Example raw value	Schema field	Example parsed value
`ws`	`180 Lithium Ion Battery`	`Technology.name`	`lithium ion battery`
`Technology`	`Lithium-ion battery (Utility-scale)`	`Technology.detailed_technology`	`lithium-ion battery (utility-scale)`
`year`	`2025`	`Technology.year`	`2025`
`est`	`ctrl`	`Technology.case`	`control`
—	—	`Technology.region`	`EU`
`par`	`Specific investment [MEUR2020/MWh]`	parameter key	`specific investment`
`val`	`0.288`	`Parameter.magnitude`	`288000.0`
`unit`, `priceyear`	`MEUR/MWh`, `2020`	`Parameter.units`	`EUR_2020 / megawatt_hour`
`cat`, `note`, `ref`		not kept

Naming conventions¶

Technology names (ws, Technology): leading three-digit code with optional letter removed, whitespace trimmed, lower-cased (143a Rock-based Carnot battery → rock-based carnot battery).
Parameter keys (par): leading hyphens and bracketed unit text removed, lower-cased (- Charge efficiency [%] → charge efficiency). energy storage capacity for one unit and tank volume of example are both renamed to capacity.
Cases (est): ctrl → control, Lower/Upper → lower/upper.
Years: first number in the cell (Uncertainty (2050) → 2050).
Units: made readable by pint, currencies written as EUR_2020. MEUR and kEUR are converted to EUR with the value scaled accordingly; pct. to percent, m3 to meter**3, and ⁰C to C.

Assumptions and deviations from the source¶

Parameter subset: only 7 parameters are shipped (filter_params=True). The raw sheet has about 76 distinct parameters, e.g. round trip efficiency, cycle life, energy density, construction time; re-run the parser with filter_params=False to get all of them.
Region: every entry is assumed to be valid for Europe (region = EU). The sources used by the DEA are not specific enough to only assume Danish conditions.
Missing units are filled from the parameter name, e.g. fixed o&m without a unit becomes percent / year, energy storage capacity for one unit becomes MWh.
Non-numeric values and values with comparators (<1, >20,000) are dropped, as are rows without technology, parameter, value or a four-digit year.
Sources: every parameter cites the catalogue as a whole; the row-level ref and note columns are dropped.

Reproduce¶

Run from the root of a repository checkout. The parser overwrites the files shipped with the package.

from technologydata import DataAccessor

DataAccessor(data_source="dea_energy_storage", version="v10").parse(
    input_file_names=["Technology_datasheet_for_energy_storage.xlsx"],
    num_digits=3,
    filter_params=True,
)

With archive_source=False (the default) the existing sources.json is reused; archive_source=True re-archives the source on the Wayback Machine and rewrites sources.json.

Known limitations¶

Duplicate parameters are overwritten. Where a technology reports the same parameter twice in different units, only the last row in the sheet is kept: specific investment of caes (per MWh and per kW, the kept unit varies by year) and flywheels (per MW kept, per MWh dropped), and capacity of hot water tanks and Carnot batteries (volume kept, energy dropped).
Heterogeneous units: specific investment, fixed o&m and capacity use different reference units across technologies (per MWh, MW, kW, percent of investment, …). Check units before comparing technologies.
Rounding before scaling: values are rounded to num_digits in the original unit, before MEUR/kEUR are converted, so MEUR values are precise to 1,000 EUR.

Citation¶

Danish Energy Agency (2025): Technology Data for Energy Storage. https://ens.dk/media/6589/download

License: CC-BY-4.0

Please also cite technologydata, see Citing.

Parser API¶

The parser is only needed to reproduce or update the dataset, see Reproduce; loading the data only needs DataAccessor.load(). The dispatcher selects the parser of the requested version.

DeaEnergyStorageParser ¶

DeaEnergyStorageParser()

Main parser for the DEA Energy Storage dataset.

Dispatches to version-specific parser implementations.

Methods:

get_supported_versions –

Return a list of supported dataset versions.
parse –

Parse the specified version of the DEA Energy Storage dataset.

get_supported_versions ¶

get_supported_versions() -> list[str]

Return a list of supported dataset versions.

parse ¶

parse(version: str, input_path: Path | list[Path], num_digits: int, archive_source: bool, filter_params: bool, export_schema: bool) -> None

Parse the specified version of the DEA Energy Storage dataset.

This method selects the appropriate parser for the given version and delegates the parsing task to it.

Parameters:

version (str) –

The version of the dataset to parse (e.g., 'v10').
input_path (Path | list[Path]) –

Path to the raw input data file.
num_digits (int) –

Number of decimals to round numerical values to.
archive_source (bool) –

If True, archives the source object on the Wayback Machine and rewrites sources.json.
filter_params (bool) –

If True, keeps only a predefined set of parameters.
export_schema (bool) –

If True, exports the Pydantic schema for the data models.

Raises:

ValueError –

If the specified version is not supported.

DeaEnergyStorageV10Parser ¶

Bases: ParserBase


              flowchart TD
              technologydata.parsers.dea_energy_storage.parser_v10.DeaEnergyStorageV10Parser[DeaEnergyStorageV10Parser]
              technologydata.parsers.data_parser_base.ParserBase[ParserBase]

                              technologydata.parsers.data_parser_base.ParserBase --> technologydata.parsers.dea_energy_storage.parser_v10.DeaEnergyStorageV10Parser
                


              click technologydata.parsers.dea_energy_storage.parser_v10.DeaEnergyStorageV10Parser href "" "technologydata.parsers.dea_energy_storage.parser_v10.DeaEnergyStorageV10Parser"
              click technologydata.parsers.data_parser_base.ParserBase href "" "technologydata.parsers.data_parser_base.ParserBase"

Parser for v10 of the DEA Energy Storage dataset.

Methods:

parse –

Parse and process version 10 of the DEA Energy Storage dataset.

parse ¶

parse(input_path: Path | list[Path], num_digits: int, archive_source: bool, **kwargs: Any) -> None

Parse and process version 10 of the DEA Energy Storage dataset.

This method reads the raw data from an Excel file, cleans and transforms it through a series of steps, and then builds a TechnologyCollection. The processed data is saved to JSON files.

Parameters:

input_path (Path | list[Path]) –

Path to the raw input data file.
num_digits (int) –

Number of decimals to round numerical values to; for values in scientific notation, the mantissa is rounded.
archive_source (bool) –

If True, archives the source object on the Wayback Machine.
**kwargs (bool, default: {} ) –

filter_params : bool If True, filters the parameters to a predefined allowed set. export_schema : bool If True, exports the Pydantic schema for the data models.

Raises:

TypeError –

If input_path is a list instead of a single Path.

Returns:

Nothing. –

Notes

Writes parsed data to src/technologydata/parsers/dea_energy_storage/v10/.

DEA Technology Data for Energy Storage¶

At a glance¶

Available versions¶

Accessing the data¶

Contents¶

Technologies¶

Parameters¶

Field mapping¶

Naming conventions¶

Assumptions and deviations from the source¶

Reproduce¶

Known limitations¶

Citation¶

See also¶

Parser API¶

DeaEnergyStorageParser ¶

get_supported_versions ¶

parse ¶

DeaEnergyStorageV10Parser ¶

parse ¶